The Impact of Parenting Styles by Ellen Neiley Ritter, Ph.D.
Watching a young girl hit, kick, and call her mother names I never imagined a 6
year old knew, engaged in an (ultimately successful) attempt to get dessert led
to an enlightening luncheon conversation with a few friends last week. As parents
ourselves, we had all dealt with incidents like this and had different opinions
on how the mother should have handled the outbreak. As we talked, it turns out we
represented the three most common parenting styles identified during the last 30
years of psychological research. What seems to matter the most is the level of parental
demandingness and parents being responsive to their children's changing needs.
One end of our table clearly represented the Authoritarian parenting style, parents
with clearly defined rules that they expected their children to follow without questioning
or even discussion. Known as the really strict parents, authoritarian parents hold
high expectations for their children and believe that parents are, and should be,
in complete control. According to Diane Baumrind (1996), who developed the original
parenting style categories, these parents "shape, control and evaluate the behavior
and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set of standards of conduct, usually
an absolute standard . . . [which] values obedience as a virtue and favors punitive,
forceful measures to curb self-will" (p. 890).
At the other end of the parenting continuum, exhibited by the young girl's mother
as well as a friend at the other end of the table, are Permissive parents. Such
parents place few, if any demands on their children, allowing children "complete
freedom to make life decisions without referring to parents for advice . . ." (Hickman,
Bartholomae, & McKenry, 2000, p. 42). Permissive parents allow the "child to
regulate his own activities as much as possible, avoid the exercise of control"
(Baumrind, 1966, p. 889), often those parents who view themselves as their children's
friends or peers more than the parent-child relationship.
Sitting in the middle of the table were the Authoritative or Democratic parents,
who are an integration of the other two parenting styles, setting clear rules and
expectations but also encouraging discussion and give-and-take, especially as their
children get older and are able to take more responsibility for themselves. Such
parents "remain receptive to the child's views but take responsibility for firmly
guiding the child's actions, emphasizing reasoning, communication, and rational
discussion in interactions that are friendly as well as tutorial and disciplinary"
(Baumrind, 1996, p. 410).
No surprise that there are big differences in the ways we approach parenting - our
culture, the situations in our lives, and even the way our parents raised us influence
what we think is the right way to parent. What is surprising are the consistent
findings about how these different styles of parenting impact our children's development.
The way you parent can influence how your children do in school, relate to others,
and whether or not they develop the personal strengths which help our children to
thrive and be able to best deal with life's stresses.
Having spent years studying parenting and resiliency, research shows that children
raised by Democratic parents have higher self-esteem, do better in school, relate
better to their peers in large part because they had greater self-confidence and
self control. On the other hand, families with Authoritarian or Permissive parenting
tend to have children who do less well in school, have lower self-efficacy, less
self-control, and lower self-esteem, placing these children more at risk when dealing
with life's adversities.
So what about the woman and young girl who wanted ice cream even though she didn't
eat her lunch? What lessons might she have learned during this encounter? Instead
of learning self-control, patience, and the important lesson that there are consequences
to our actions, she may have learned that she can get whatever she wants by being
aggressive. She's also learned that her mother will not enforce rules of what is
appropriate behavior, even though a six-year old isn't able to always make such
a decision. Imagine the impact of this when she's with her friends or as she enters
the teenage years or beyond.
Being a parent is one of the most difficult jobs in the world, in part because the
demands of parenting change as our children grow. What may have worked with toddlers
is not necessarily the best way to approach it when our children are growing, becoming
more independent. As the research shows a parenting style which balances parents'
expectations and guidance while allowing the child to have more input can be the
best for helping our children grow into successful, resilient adults. And isn't
that what parenting is all about?
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on children. Child
Development, 37 (2), 887 - 907.
Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45
(4).
Hickman, G.P., Bartholomae, S. & McKenry, P.C. (2000) Influence of parenting
styles on the adjustment and academic achievement of traditional college freshman.
Journal of College Student Development, 41, 41 - 52.
This is the first of 3 articles presenting this author's extensive research on families
and resiliency. As the founder of Family Transitions Coaching, Ellen Neiley Ritter,
Ph.D. is committed to increasing resiliency for her clients and their families.
Sign up to receive the next two articles in the series or sign up for a complimentary
coaching session to see whether coaching can help you deal with your family issues
at www.familytransitionscoaching.com
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